In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623. Algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division. The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Ada Lovelace published the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer. Charles Babbage is sometimes referred to as the "father of computing". Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) developed logic in a binary number system and has been called the "founder of computer science". Main article: History of computer science History of computing The Turing Award is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science. The fundamental concern of computer science is determining what can and cannot be automated. Within artificial intelligence, computer vision aims to understand and process image and video data, while natural language processing aims to understand and process textual and linguistic data. Artificial intelligence and machine learning aim to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, planning and learning found in humans and animals. Computer architecture describes the construction of computer components and computer-operated equipment. Areas such as operating systems, networks and embedded systems investigate the principles and design behind complex systems. Human–computer interaction investigates the interfaces through which humans and computers interact, and software engineering focuses on the design and principles behind developing software. Programming language theory considers different ways to describe computational processes, and database theory concerns the management of repositories of data. Computer graphics and computational geometry address the generation of images. The fields of cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communication and for preventing security vulnerabilities. The theory of computation concerns abstract models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved using them. Īlgorithms and data structures are central to computer science. Though more often considered an academic discipline, computer science is closely related to computer programming. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to applied disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and viewsĪlthough SQL is an ANSI/ISO standard, there are different versions of the SQL language.Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation.SQL can create stored procedures in a database.SQL can create new tables in a database.SQL can execute queries against a database.In 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).SQL lets you access and manipulate databases.SQL stands for Structured Query Language.SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. String Functions: ASCII CHAR_LENGTH CHARACTER_LENGTH CONCAT CONCAT_WS FIELD FIND_IN_SET FORMAT INSERT INSTR LCASE LEFT LENGTH LOCATE LOWER LPAD LTRIM MID POSITION REPEAT REPLACE REVERSE RIGHT RPAD RTRIM SPACE STRCMP SUBSTR SUBSTRING SUBSTRING_INDEX TRIM UCASE UPPER Numeric Functions: ABS ACOS ASIN ATAN ATAN2 AVG CEIL CEILING COS COT COUNT DEGREES DIV EXP FLOOR GREATEST LEAST LN LOG LOG10 LOG2 MAX MIN MOD PI POW POWER RADIANS RAND ROUND SIGN SIN SQRT SUM TAN TRUNCATE Date Functions: ADDDATE ADDTIME CURDATE CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURTIME DATE DATEDIFF DATE_ADD DATE_FORMAT DATE_SUB DAY DAYNAME DAYOFMONTH DAYOFWEEK DAYOFYEAR EXTRACT FROM_DAYS HOUR LAST_DAY LOCALTIME LOCALTIMESTAMP MAKEDATE MAKETIME MICROSECOND MINUTE MONTH MONTHNAME NOW PERIOD_ADD PERIOD_DIFF QUARTER SECOND SEC_TO_TIME STR_TO_DATE SUBDATE SUBTIME SYSDATE TIME TIME_FORMAT TIME_TO_SEC TIMEDIFF TIMESTAMP TO_DAYS WEEK WEEKDAY WEEKOFYEAR YEAR YEARWEEK Advanced Functions: BIN BINARY CASE CAST COALESCE CONNECTION_ID CONV CONVERT CURRENT_USER DATABASE IF IFNULL ISNULL LAST_INSERT_ID NULLIF SESSION_USER SYSTEM_USER USER VERSION SQL Server Functions
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